The graveyard of donated equipment: shifting from capital expenditure to value-based care in African health systems

1.

Malkin RA. Design of health care technologies for the developing world. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007; 9: 567–87. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151913

2.

Perry L, Malkin R. Effectiveness of medical equipment donations to improve health systems: how much medical equipment is broken in the developing world? Med Biol Eng Comput 2011; 49: 719–22. doi: 10.1007/s11517-011-0786-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-011-0786-3

3.

World Health Organization. Medical devices: managing the mismatch: an outcome of the priority medical devices project. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.

4.

Marks IH, Thomas H, Bakhet M, Fitzgerald E. Medical equipment donation in low-resource settings: a review of the literature and guidelines for surgery and anaesthesia in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4(5): e001785. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001785

5.

He S, Lai D, Lee J. The medical right to repair: the right to save lives. Lancet 2021; 397: 1260–1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00445-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00445-1

6.

Central Bank of Nigeria. Exchange rates: Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market (NFEM) rates (₦/US$). Abuja: Central Bank of Nigeria. Available from: https://www.cbn.gov.ng/rates/ExchRateByCurrency.html [cited 28 April 2026].

7.

Central Bank of Nigeria. Macro economic indicators. Abuja: Central Bank of Nigeria. Available from: https://www.cbn.gov.ng/rates/MacroIndicators.html [cited 28 April 2026].

8.

National Health Insurance Authority. Professional fee-for-service price list. Abuja: National Health Insurance Authority. Available from: https://www.nhia.gov.ng/professional-ffs-price-list/ [cited 28 April 2026].

9.

Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Health Insurance Authority Act, 2022. Official Gazette No. 95, Vol. 109. Lagos: Federal Government Printer; 2022. Available from: https://www.nhia.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NHIA-Act-2022-Gazetted-Copy.pdf [cited 28 April 2026].

10.

Porter ME. What is value in health care? N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 2477–81. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1011024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1011024

11.

Aregbeshola BS, Khan SM. Out-of-pocket payments, catastrophic health expenditure and poverty among households in Nigeria 2010. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7: 798–806. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.19